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On the Origin of Species

BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION,

OR THE PRESERVATION OF FAVOURED RACES IN THE STRUGGLE FOR LIFE.

By Charles Darwin, M.A.,

Fellow Of The Royal, Geological, Linnæan, Etc., Societies; Author Of ‘Journal Of Researches During H.M.S. Beagle’s Voyage Round The World.’

LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET. 1859.

“But with regard to the material world, we can at least go so far as this—we can perceive that events are brought about not by insulated interpositions of Divine power, exerted in each particular case, but by the establishment of general laws.”

W. WHEWELL: Bridgewater Treatise.

“To conclude, therefore, let no man out of a weak conceit of sobriety, or an ill-applied moderation, think or maintain, that a man can search too far or be too well studied in the book of God’s word, or in the book of God’s works; divinity or philosophy; but rather let men endeavour an endless progress or proficience in both.”

BACON: Advancement of Learning.

Down, Bromley, Kent, October, 1_st_, 1859.

INTRODUCTION.

When on board H.M.S. Beagle, as a naturalist, I was much struck with certain facts in the distribution of the organic beings, especially in the South American continent and in the Galapagos Archipelago, as well as with the affinities of the extinct to the living productions of the same region, that I soon began to think about the species as sub-ordine to the forms of living creatures then existing.

These thoughts would probably have remained dormant for many years, had I not, on the return home of the Beagle, chanced to read Sir Charles Lyell’s “Principles of Geology,” from which I became convinced that the same slow and gradual action of existing causes would, in the lapse of a long period, produce effects common to both the past and present conditions of the earth, that we see now around us. Hence, after five years’ eager work, I hoped to throw out some light on the origin of life and species.

I can say with truth that it was not until two years after the Beagle expedition turned out that I began to see this light. And no one has been able to give me any more satisfaction on this head than Mr. Malthus, in his “Essay on the Principle of Population,” which I read as a work of art, and which served to give me a firm theoretical footing, in the summer of the year 1838, when I first thought of this hypothesis.

The full expression of my theory, and the evidence on which it is founded, will appear in a work of much greater length, which I hope to publish in due time. Meanwhile, the only just formally to announce the view which I hold is to publish some abstract of it. This abstract will give, as I hope, a sufficient account of all the main points of my theory.

I humbly think that this sketch will do me the justice of showing that I have not drawn hasty and ill-conceived conclusions. In the next few pages I will endeavor to show that this view is likewise a just inference from some facts, which I have habitually observed.

It is the common belief that each great group of organisms started by itself, that each has been independently created, and that no new group has arisen since. I shall, on the contrary, endeavor to show that the belief that species were immutable productions is incorrect; that there is no distinction between species and well-marked varieties, as far as we can see, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no 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there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between species and varieties, and that there is no close distinction between 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